We have the obvious things like the cabal being a Roman military in name and from what we're told, not experienced, in reputation as well.
Then there are the hive, these are less direct but still fit into the world.
The fallen are more nobility which would obviously come later.
And the vex fit almost perfectly.
Now, I'm not saying just because they were given names that I think this. I was trying to read up on some grimoire to be able to cite why I believe this is a yin yang parallel dimension game. While doing so I read ghost fragment mystery 1& 2. More importantly 1, and I can't do a better job of explaining it than this post.
http://www.reddit.com/r/DestinyTheGame/comments/2hq70w/anyone_wanna_guess_what_ghost_fragment_mysteries/
I think this is very valid as a possibility. Has anyone else ever found anything?
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I'm pretty sure the Wikipedia article for the game talks about how a lot of the games story draws from things such as the Bible, Greek and Roman mythology, and the moral concept of good (light, or darkness, we're not sure yet) vs evil (darkness, or light).