I know the title may be inflammatory to some, so I'll start by saying I love the destiny community and usually have no issues.
Anytime I raid with a team that's over 50% strangers I always wind up getting kicked. Regardless of my K/d, light, dps or general wipe-causing--blam!-ups I'm always the one kicked.
Am I being paranoid? Or am I being penalized for bing a girl?
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Are the non-strangers your friends? Because if my friend got kicked I'd be the -blam!- outta that too. But as other people pointed out, barring some horrible personality flaw no one's ever told you about, they either think you're a squeaker or, to put it as nicely as possible, have little to no experience with females.