I got my curious transceiver and decided to randomly put in codes. I got past the first and second passcodes. Will continue to update.
First Passcode; http://imgur.com/zOVZ76z
Second Passcode; http://imgur.com/yw0xvmW
Third Passcode; http://imgur.com/fMaVlVc
Fourth Passcode; http://imgur.com/ig1w1zB
Thank you to the people who helped me on third and fourth codes!
IMPORTANT UPDATE: Entering all four codes unlocked a TIMED mission: reward was IKELOS Fusion Core
I recommend everyone follow @DattosDestiny on Twitter for more updates. He's figuring it all out faster than I am.