Yes, nova bomb can. I've done it. I've seen it done. And I've died from it. Your argument about that is moot due to my first hand experience with it. You won't win me over there.
GG takes 3 shots to destroy a bubble. So you use it up, or only have 1 shot left with the proper helmet.
I can't comment on the hammers vs a bubble, I've not been privy to that yet.
As for striker, ha. The only part of striker that could go through a bubble was the arc line, and they nerfed that along with that happening on blade dancer as well.
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Only way a nova can kill a bubble and those in it is with shatter equipped allowing 3 smaller novas one or two will hit the bubble while the last one or two attacks the players within. Nova has to have shatter equipped. If anyone strays outside the bubble with a normal nova bomb the bubble will be destroyed and anyone in the blast radius outside of the bubble. Those in the bubble will remain alive. I've had this experience dozens and dozens of times.