We have a wide variety of references in Destiny. I mean, a lot of them.
We have Dark Souls: Heart of Praxic Fire, Achlyophage Symbiote, and the Ghost Angel Cloak. (Enemies soul leaving their body when you kill them and the fact that the character you play is actually dead)
Halo: The infamous Master Chief building on Mars and Dragons Breath.
Random references:
-The appearencd of the number 7. (Yeah, have you noticed?)
-Mask of the Third Man refers to the movie: "The Mask."
-Jade Rabbit
There's some I haven't listed, and Im sure there's more to be discovered.
Edit: This is just based on looks, dont think there's any referencing here. The Helm of Inmost Light looks like one of the Daft Punk helmets.